Bibliographies: 'Riviere Arc' – Grafiati (2024)

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Essa entrevista explicita a trajetória de mais de quarenta anos de investigação da geógrafa e pesquisadora emérita do CNPq, Hélène Rivière d´Arc, no Brasil, e constitui-se numa pequena contribuição à memória das ciências sociais brasileiras, especialmente das universidades no Nordeste. Resgata caminhos e identifica contextos de internacionalização do conhecimento, nas décadas de 1970 a1990 e recompõe núcleos temáticos de pesquisa e modalidades de colaboração bilateral entre pesquisadores franceses e brasileiros, no campo de estudos sobre o <em>Tiers Monde</em> (Terceiro Mundo<em>)</em> na França, especialmente dedicados à dinâmica regional e urbana.<div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div><p> </p></div></div>

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Le système d’information géographique constitue une aide considérable lors de la définition d’un plan de lutte contre les glossines. Son application pratique pour la collecte de données entomologiques servant de base à la planification de la lutte et à son évaluation future a été faite dans l’ouest du Burkina Faso, de décembre 2007 à novembre 2008. Choisie pour englober les bassins versants des principaux fleuves ou rivières et les limites de distribution de Glossina palpalis gambiensis et G. tachinoides, la zone d’étude a été divisée en cellules de 10 km x 10 km. Dans chaque cellule, un maximum de 13 sites potentiels de piégeage ont été sélectionnés par l’utilisation d’imagerie satellite, puis repérés sur le terrain à l’aide du système mondial de positionnement (GPS). L’enquête entomologique a été réalisée avec des pièges biconiques Challier-Laveissière et les récoltes ont eu lieu 72 heures après leur installation. L’analyse des données a été conduite en utilisant des modèles aléa­toires mixtes binomiaux et de distribution de Poisson. La cartographie, réalisée avec le logiciel Arc Gis 9.3, a permis de déterminer la limite nord (12° 45’ N) des glos­sines dans la zone d’intervention. Les proportions de sites infestés étaient de 89,6 et 76,4 % respectivement au niveau des sections ascendante et descendante de la rivière Mouhoun (la première coule vers le nord-est depuis la source, la seconde vers le sud-est puis le sud après avoir conflué avec le Sourou), et de 16,7 et 10,3 % respectivement au niveau de leurs affluents. Entre les isohyètes 700–800 m et 800–900 m aucune différence significative n’a été observée dans les densités apparentes des glossines par piège, ni dans les sites infestés. Les deux espèces de glossines cap­turées étaient distribuées différemment selon les sections du Mouhoun : les cap­tures étaient composées de 79,5 % de G. p. gambiensis sur la section ascendante et de 96,0 % de G. tachinoides sur la section descendante. Les captures de vecteurs mécaniques ont été relativement faibles, leur distribution étant comparable à celle des glossines avec cependant quelques densités importantes sur les affluents.

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The Core Zone, a broad region located between the Superior and North Atlantic cratons and predominantly underlain by Archean gneiss and granitoid rocks, remained until recently one of the less well known parts of the Canadian Shield. Previously thought to form part of the Archean Rae Craton, and later referred to as the Southeastern Churchill Province, it has been regarded as an ancient continental block trapped between the Paleoproterozoic Torngat and New Quebec orogens, with its relationships to the adjacent Superior and North Atlantic cratons remaining unresolved. The geochronological data presented herein suggest that the Archean evolution of the Core Zone was distinct from that in both the Superior and North Atlantic (Nain) cratons. Moreover, the Core Zone itself consists of at least three distinct lithotectonic entities with different evolutions, referred to herein as the George River, Mistinibi-Raude and Falcoz River blocks, that are separated by steeply-dipping, crustal-scale shear zones interpreted as paleosutures. Specifically, the George River Block consists of ca. 2.70 Ga supracrustal rocks and associated ca. 2.70–2.57 Ga intrusions. The Mistinibi-Raude Block consists of remnants of a ca. 2.37 Ga volcanic arc intruded by a ca. 2.32 Ga arc plutonic suite (Pallatin) and penecontemporaneous alkali plutons (Pelland and Nekuashu suites). It also hosts a coarse clastic cover sequence (the Hutte Sauvage Group) which contains detrital zircons provided from locally-derived, ca. 2.57–2.50 Ga, 2.37–2.32 Ga, and 2.10–2.08 Ga sources, with the youngest concordant grain dated at 1987 ± 7 Ma. The Falcoz River Block consists of ca. 2.89–2.80 Ga orthogneiss intruded by ca. 2.74–2.70 granite, tonalite, and granodiorite. At the western margin of the Core Zone, the George River Block and Kuujjuaq Domain may have been proximal by ca. 1.84 Ga as both appear to have been sutured by the 1.84–1.82 Ga De Pas Batholith, whereas at its eastern margin, the determination of metamorphic ages of ca. 1.85 to 1.80 Ga in the Falcoz River Block suggests protracted interaction with the adjacent Lac Lomier Complex during their amalgamation and suturing, but with a younger, ‘New Quebec’ overprint as well. The three crustal blocks forming the Core Zone add to a growing list of ‘exotic’ Archean to earliest Paleoproterozoic microcontinents and crustal slices that extend around the Superior Craton from the Grenville Front through Hudson Strait, across Hudson Bay and into Manitoba and Saskatchewan, in what was the Manikewan Ocean realm, which closed between ca. 1.83–1.80 Ga during the formation of supercontinent Nuna.RÉSUMÉLa Zone noyau, une vaste région située entre les cratons du Supérieur et de l’Atlantique Nord et reposant principalement sur des gneiss archéens et des roches granitiques, est demeurée jusqu’à récemment l’une des parties les moins bien connues du Bouclier canadien. Considérée auparavant comme faisant partie du craton archéen de Rae, puis comme la portion sud-est de la Province de Churchill, on l’a perçue comme un ancien bloc continental piégé entre les orogènes paléoprotérozoïques des Torngat et du Nouveau-Québec, ses relations avec les cratons supérieurs adjacents et de l’Atlantique Nord demeurant nébuleuses. Les données géochronologiques présentées ici permettent de penser que l’évolution archéenne de la Zone noyau a été différente de celle des cratons du Supérieur et de l’Atlantique Nord (Nain). De plus, la Zone noyau elle-même se compose d’au moins trois entités lithotectoniques distinctes avec des évolutions différentes, appelées ici les blocs de la rivière George, de Mistinibi-Raude et de la rivière Falcoz, lesquels sont séparées par des zones de cisaillement crustales à forte inclinaison, conçues comme des paléosutures. Plus précisément, le bloc de la rivière George est constitué de roches supracrustales d'env. 2,70 Ga, et d’intrusions connexes d'env. 2,70–2,57 Ga. Le bloc Mistinibi-Raude est constitué de vestiges d’un arc volcanique d'env. 2,37 Ga, recoupé par une suite plutonique d’arc d'env. 2,32 Ga (Pallatin) et de plutons alcalins péné-contemporains (suites Pelland et Nekuashu). Il contient également une séquence de couverture clastique grossière (le groupe Hutte Sauvage) renfermant des zircons détritiques de sources locales, âgés d'env. 2,57–2,50 Ga, 2,37–2,32 Ga et 2,10–2,08 Ga, le grain concordant le plus jeune étant âgé de 1987 ± 7 Ma. Le bloc de la rivière Falcoz est formé d’un orthogneiss âgé d'env. 2,89–2,80 Ga, recoupé par des intrusions de granite, tonalite et granodiorite âgées d'env. 2,74–2,70 Ga. À la marge ouest de la Zone noyau, le bloc de la rivière George et du domaine de Kuujjuaq peuvent avoir été proximaux il y a 1,84 Ga env., car les deux semblent avoir été suturés par le batholithe De Pas il y a environ 1,84–1,82 Ga, alors qu’à sa marge est, la détermination des datations métamorphiques de 1,85 à 1,80 Ga dans le bloc de la rivière Falcoz suggère une interaction prolongée avec le complexe adjacent du lac Lomier durant leur amalgamation et leur suture, mais affecté aussi d’une surimpression « Nouveau Québec » plus jeune. Les trois blocs crustaux formant la Zone noyau s’ajoutent à une liste croissante de micro-continents et d’écailles crustales « exotiques » archéennes à paléoprotérozoïques très précoces qui s’étalent autour du craton Supérieur depuis le front de Grenville jusqu’au Manitoba, à travers le détroit d’Hudson, la baie d’Hudson jusque dans le Manitoba et la Saskatchewan, là où s’étendait l’océan Manikewan, lequel s’est refermé il y a environ 1,83–1,80 Ga, pendant la formation du supercontinent Nuna.

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ABSTRACT Two clonally unrelated Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains, RON-1 and RON-2, were isolated in 1997 and 1998 from patients hospitalized in a suburb of Paris, France. Both isolates expressed the class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamase VIM-2 previously identified in Marseilles in the French Riviera. In both isolates, thebla VIM-2 cassette was part of a class 1 integron that also encoded aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. In one case, two novel aminoglycoside resistance gene cassettes,aacA29a and aacA29b, were located at the 5′ and 3′ end of the bla VIM-2 gene cassette, respectively. The aacA29a and aacA29b gene cassettes were fused upstream with a 101-bp part of the 5′ end of theqacE cassette. The deduced amino acid sequence AAC(6′)-29a protein shared 96% identity with AAC(6′)-29b but only 34% identity with the aacA7-encoded AAC(6′)-I1, the closest relative of the AAC(6′)-I family enzymes. These aminoglycoside acetyltransferases had amino acid sequences much shorter (131 amino acids) than the other AAC(6′)-I enzymes (144 to 153 amino acids). They conferred resistance to amikacin, isepamicin, kanamycin, and tobramycin but not to gentamicin, netilmicin, and sisomicin.

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RÉSUMÉ Avec ses quelque 630 km de longueur, la moraine frontale de Sakami constitue la forme glaciaire la plus importante du Québec subarctique. Elle s'étire entre le sud du lac Mistassini et l'embouchure de la grande rivière de la Baleine en décrivant un arc de cercle dont le point central est situé au centre du Québec. Elle se compose de matériaux fluvio-glaciaires et proglaciaires qui forment le plus souvent de vastes plaines deltaïques ou de longues crêtes dissymétriques dont les dimensions peuvent atteindre 8 km x 6 km x 40 m. La moraine de Sakami constitue une unité morpho-stratigraphique de première importance dans l'histoire de la déglaciation du bassin hydrographique de la baie James. Elle localise la position occupée par le glacier du Nouveau-Québec, qui se retirait vers l'est, lors du drainage du lac glaciaire Ojibway et de l'invasion de la mer de Tyrrell. Par cette position, elle sépare deux styles de déglaciation, l'un au contact d'une profonde masse d'eau lacustre où le recul rapide du front se réalisait principalement par le vêlage d'icebergs à partir d'une marge glaciaire localement flottante, l'autre dans un milieu subaérien ou au contact d'une nappe d'eau marine moins profonde, où l'ablation progressait plus lentement par la fonte d'une marge glaciaire appuyée sur son lit. La moraine de Sakami était en voie d'édification il y a 7900 ans.

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Este trabajo investigará los conceptos y estrategias desarrollados por Richard Neutra en torno la arquitectura religiosa y la recuperación de éstos como propuesta para el siglo XXI.En todas las épocas las variaciones culturales, convulsiones políticas y crisis económicas han provocado la reconsideración de las formas tradicionales de adoración y culto. En sus seis proyectos religiosos proyectados y construidos entre 1957 y 1968 (las iglesias Riviera, Claremont, Garden Grove y St. Andrew, la capilla de militares Miramar y la iglesia-escuela Congregacional), Richard Neutra sugirió soluciones arquitectónicas que no sólo abrazaron los valores modernos sino que también siguieron las tradiciones y dogmas de la comunidad cristiana.En el año 1960, la revista madrileña Informes de la Construcción publicó un artículo escrito por el mismo Neutra titulado «¿Qué aspecto debe tener una iglesia?» En ese artículo, Neutra destaca tres claves fundamentales para proyectar arquitectura religiosa que conecta la teología, la práctica cristiana y la cultura secular actual. Estas tres claves incluyen la integración absoluta de la arquitectura y su entorno natural y físico; la preeminencia de la palabra inspirada; y el entendimiento profundo de las formas en que el ser humano desempeña el acto de adoración.Además del artículo previamente mencionado, este trabajo descubrirá otros documentos fundamentales de Neutra, tanto publicados como no, tales como «La ciencia y la religión a través de la experiencia de un arquitecto», «Iglesias que se encajan en la Creación», «Iglesia y religión» y «Proyectar una iglesia interior-exterior» (UCLA). Se utilizarán estos artículos para destacar lo profundo del pensamiento de Neutra sobre la forma apropiada de la arquitectura religiosa. Finalmente se propondrá la arquitectura religiosa de Richard Neutra como modelo para los arquitectos del siglo XXI para enfrentarse a la división actual entre la vida postmoderna y el culto cristiano tradicional.

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Soil moisture sensors can improve water management efficiency by measuring soil volumetric water content (θv) in real time. Soil-specific calibration equations used to calculate θv can increase sensor accuracy. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the performance of several commercial sensors and to establish soil-specific calibration equations for different soil types. We tested five Florida sandy soils used for citrus production (Pineda, Riviera, Astatula, Candler, and Immokalee) divided into two depths (0.0–0.3 and 0.3–0.6 m). Readings were taken using twelve commercial sensors (CS650, CS616, CS655 (Campbell Scientific), GS3, 10HS, 5TE, GS1 (Meter), TDT-ACC-SEN-SDI, TDR315, TDR315S, TDR135L (Acclima), and Hydra Probe (Stevens)) connected to a datalogger (CR1000X; Campbell Scientific). Known amounts of water were added incrementally to obtain a broad range of θv. Small 450 cm3 samples were taken to determine the gravimetric water content and calculate the θv used to obtain the soil-specific calibration equations. Results indicated that factory-supplied calibration equations performed well for some sensors in sandy soils, especially 5TE, TDR315L, and GS1 (R2 = 0.92) but not for others (10HS, GS3, and Hydra Probe). Soil-specific calibrations from this study resulted in accuracy expressed as root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.018 to 0.030 m3 m−3 for 5TE, CS616, CS650, CS655, GS1, Hydra Probe, TDR310S, TDR315, TDR315L, and TDT-ACC-SEN-SDI, while lower accuracies were found for 10HS (0.129 m3 m−3) and GS3 (0.054 m3 m−3). This study provided soil-specific calibration equations to increase the accuracy of commercial soil moisture sensors to facilitate irrigation scheduling and water management in Florida sandy soils used for citrus production.

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RÉSUMÉ À l'embouchure du Saguenay, près de la tête du chenal Laurentien, le Quaternaire est représenté par un ensemble original d'unités morpho-sédimentaires dont le delta perché (120-125 m) de Tadoussac, le remblaiement fluvio-marin de la vallée de la rivière du Moulin à Baude, la terrasse marine de 60 m à la pointe aux Vaches, la terrasse composite à la pointe aux Alouettes, les grandes terrasses à rythmites limono-argileuses des pointes Hubert et au Bouleau, la vaste batture de la pointe aux Alouettes et trois crêtes en arc de cercle submergées. D'après les dates au 14C et l'aminochronologie sur fragments de coquillages dans un dépôt sableux à la pointe aux Alouettes, d'un âge égal ou supérieur à 35 ka, la région fut déglacée au cours d'un interstade du Wisconsinien. Cet événement marin fut suivi d'une phase de sédimentation sableuse à rudites, d'une phase de marge glaciaire flottante, puis d'un ou de plusieurs épisodes glaciaires. À la fin du Wisconsinien, la déglaciation partielle de la région et l'invasion précoce de la Mer de Goldthwait commencent avant 11,1 ka. Des bancs diamictiques intercalés dans les argiles marines et un till observé au sud de l'embouchure du Saguenay, l'épandage fluvioglaciaire à 120-125 m d'altitude, à Tadoussac, mis en place entre 11 et 10,6 ka, et au moins l'une des crêtes morainiques submergées sont attribuées à l'épisode de Saint-Narcisse. La Mer de Goldthwait a ensuite, au moins dès 10,4 ka, envahi les dépressions libres de glace jusqu'à une altitude maximale relative de 140-150 m, tandis qu'une langue de glace subsistait dans le fjord et que la marge de l'Inlandsis laurentidien sur les hautes terres du Bouclier reculait par amincissem*nt. Le relèvement isostatique a été rapide, le niveau de 20 m étant atteint vers 8 ka. Vers 6 ka le niveau marin relatif était voisin du niveau actuel. Il est remonté ensuite construisant, à 6 m d'altitude, la terrasse Mitis, datée entre 1,2 et 1,6 ka.

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Background:Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the connective tissue characterized by vascular disease and fibrosis in different organs and systems such as lung and skin (1). Recently, several case reports and small series of patients reported on the efficacy of rituximab in SSc, showing a possible improvement in skin and lung affectations (2). However, registered clinical trials are lacking to determine factors associated with response, maintenance regimen, and long-term efficacy of rituximab in SSc.Objectives:To analyze the efficacy of Rituximab in the treatment of skin fibrosis using the changes of the modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS) of patients diagnosed with systemic sclerosis from the data published in Registered Clinical Trials (RCTs) in the scientific literature.Methods:We perform a systematic review and a meta-analysis using the main electronic databases to locate all the articles available so far: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of science and ACR and EULAR abstracts congress were extracted to assess efficacy outcomes. That efficacy was measured based on the variation of mRSS at 12, 24 and 48 weeks for patients treated with Rituximab versus patients treated with another drug or placebo.Results:3 RCTs contained data regarding mRSS at week 12 of treatment with Rituximab. The estimated SMD was -1.071 (95% CI -1.608, -0.535 [p <0.001]) with a non-significant P value in the Egger Test (P = 0.703) and non-significant heterogeneity through I2 (I2 = 0.00%).9 studies contained data regarding mRSS at week 24 of treatment with Rituximab. The estimated SMD was -1.743 (CI95% -2.622, -0.864 [p <0.001], see image below) with a non-significant P value in the Egger Test (P = 0.072) and significant heterogeneity through I2 (I2 = 86.6%). Meta-regression analysis could not be performed to assess such heterogeneity, due to the lack of comparable data.8 RCTs contained data regarding mRSS at week 48 of Rituximab treatment. The estimated SMD was -1.327 (CI95% -2.018, -0.636 [p <0.001]) with a significant P value in the Egger Test (P = 0.018), estimating that there may be publication bias in the studies analyzed and significant heterogeneity by I2 (I2 = 85.2%). Meta-regression analysis could not be performed to assess such heterogeneity, due to the lack of comparable data.Conclusion:Our meta-analysis shows that Rituximab treatment in patients affected with systemic sclerosis shows efficacy in the treatment of cutaneous fibrosis measured by the mRSS, turning this molecule into a potential drug to add to the therapeutic armamentarium of systemic sclerosis. However, more studies are necessary to try to elucidate whether this change is powerful enough to become the new gold standard for the treatment of systemic sclerosis skin involvement.References:[1]Stern EP, Denton CP. The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2015;41:367–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2015.04.002.[2]Thiebaut M, Launay D, Rivière S, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in systemic sclerosis: French retrospective study and literature review. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(6):582-587. https://doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.12.010.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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L'Arc en Maurienne (Savoie) présente à l'état naturel tous les caractères d'une rivière torrentielle à forte pente, à l'hydrologie contrastée, aux transports solides abondants. Depuis le XIX siècle, des interventions anthropiques massives ont transformé profondément le fonctionnement du système fluvial : un endiguement insubmersible sur les deux tiers du cours d'eau, l'assainissem*nt de la basse vallée par colmatage et drainage, des travaux de correction torrentielle dans les bassins versants affluents, le développement des équipements hydroélectriques. Maîtrisé, l'Arc est à l'origine de la transformation de l'espace mauriennais en couloir industriel. Les aménagements de la rivière entraînent des perturbations profondes de l'hydrologie : la modification des débits et des rythmes des écoulements ordinaires, la suppression des crues de forte fréquence et la création d'un régime-usine artificiel. Le domaine dans lequel l'anthropisation est la plus caractéristique et la plus lourde de conséquences en terme de gestion est celui de la morphologie fluviale. Le transit des matières en suspension n'est plus entièrement assuré ; la charge de fond, pour l'essentiel d'origine torrentielle, continue de parvenir dans le talweg tandis que l'affaiblissem*nt de la puissance de la rivière a supprimé sa capacité d'évacuation. La tendance à l'exhaussem*nt et à l'engorgement du lit constitue un trait original dans l'évolution actuelle des rivières alpines. Dans ce contexte, les grandes crues, non modifiées par les équipements hydroélectriques, deviennent des épisodes paroxysmaux dont les effets sont amplifiés. Le cumul des perturbations anthropiques conduit à l'élaboration d'une dynamique fluviale d'un type nouveau, artificielle et tronçonnée.

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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la fusion d'images satellitaires et de son application à l'étude écologique des grandes plaines d'inondation. Ce travail associe le domaine de l'écologie et celui du traitement d'images. Dans la première partie nous présentons les concepts de base de l'écologie du paysage (Landscape Ecology), l'apport de l'outil télédétection dans cette nouvelle branche de l'écologie et les principales techniques de traitement d'images utilisées dans les applications de télédétection en écologie. Dans la deuxième partie nous exposons les principes du recalage géométrique d'images, étape préalable à toute méthode de fusion. Nous indiquons également les limites d'utilisation des méthodes basées sur des modèles polynomiaux de déformation. Enfin, nous présentons une méthode de création d'ortho-images fondée sur l'utilisation d'un modèle numérique de terrain et sur une modélisation rigide de la prise de vue. Dans la troisième partie, après avoir discuté des méthodes de fusion, nous introduisons la transformée en ondelettes et l'analyse multirésolution. Ensuite, nous développons une nouvelle méthode de fusion fondée sur ces deux outils mathématiques issus du domaine du traitement du signal. Nous évaluons, enfin, les capacités de cette méthode pour la création de documents cartographiques permettant l'analyse structurale d'une plaine d'inondation : la confluence «Arc-Isère».

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La modélisation à une échelle fine des évolutions morphologiques à court terme (quelques années au maximum) en rivière est rendue possible par des outils numériques qui résolvent les équations de Saint-Venant bidimensionnelles et calculent le transport solide et l’évolution du lit résultante sur un maillage représentant la topographie du site. Ces outils sont encore peu utilisés en ingénierie car il existe de fortes incertitudes sur les processus physiques à prendre en compte et les formulations à utiliser pour les représenter (charriage/suspension, formes de fond, granulométrie étendue, effet de la pente …). Le but de la thèse est de tester les possibilités de ce type d’outils et de définir une méthodologie pour leur application. L’outil utilisé est un code industriel (système TELEMAC) qui dispose de la plupart des fonctionnalités nécessaires dont le couplage entre calculs hydrauliques et sédimentaires, la prise en compte des fonds non-érodables et la granulométrie étendue. La démarche suivie consiste à appliquer ce code à deux cas pour lesquels des campagnes de mesures détaillées sont disponibles. L’un des sites choisis se trouve sur la Loire près du Fresne-sur-Loire et d’Ingrandes, l’autre sur l’Arc en Savoie près de La Chambre. Dans les deux cas le processus de transport dominant est le charriage. Les périodes simulées sont des crues pour lesquelles l’évolution bathymétrique du lit a été mesurée ; dans le cas de la Loire des simulations à plus long terme (quelques années) sont aussi présentées. Les évolutions mesurées sont reproduites de manière satisfaisante. Les formulations utilisées sont cohérentes entre les deux cas, mais les processus pris en compte sont différents : dans le cas de la Loire qui est une rivière de sable il est nécessaire de tenir compte des dunes, alors que dans le cas de l’Arc qui est une rivière de gravier les processus prépondérants sont le tri granulométrique et les effets de pente. L’intérêt de l’outil a donc été démontré, et des enseignements précieux pour son utilisation ont été dégagés. Ils concernent en particulier le choix des formulations pour représenter les processus physiques, la définition de la complexité minimale nécessaire de ces formulations selon les sites et les objectifs de la modélisation, et la méthodologie de calage de ces formulations à partir des données disponibles
Numerical modelling of morphological evolutions in rivers at a fine spatial scale can be undertaken with models solving the two-dimensional shallow water equations and computing bed load transport and the resulting bed evolution on a mesh representing the topography of the site. These tools are not widely used in engineering applications yet because there remain large uncertainties on the physical processes to take into account and the corresponding formulations (bed load/suspension, bed forms, graded sediment, bed slope effects …). The goal of this work is to assess the possibilities of this kind of tools and to define a methodology for their use. The tool we will use is a commercial modelling package (TELEMAC system) that has most of the necessary functionalities (dry bed, coupling between hydrodynamic and sediment computations, rigid bed, graded sediment…) already implemented. We will apply this tool on two sites where detailed data are available. One of them is on the Loire river near Fresne-sur-Loire and Ingrandes, the other on the river Arc in Savoie near La Chambre. In both cases, bed load is the main transport process. The periods simulated are floods for which computed bed evolutions are compared to measurements. Longer term simulations (a few years) are also presented in the case of the Loire river. The measured evolutions are well reproduced by the model. The formulations used are coherent between the two cases, but the physical features and processes taken into account are different: dunes in the case of the Loire which is a sand-bed river, graded sediment and bed slope effects in the case of the Arc which is a gravel bed river. The pertinence of the numerical tool tested is demonstrated, and many advises are presented about the way it should be used. They concern in particular the choice of formulations to represent physical processes depending on the site studied, and the way these formulations should be calibrated with the available data

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APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

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In his review of E. Jones, Papers on Psycho-analysis, Winnicott talks about Jones’s frank discussion of Freud’s theories of early sexual development in the female and shows how he compares these theories with those of Horney, Deutsch, Klein, Riviere, and others. Winnicott finds the work outstanding and judges that these eighty-nine papers are invaluable to any student of the psychology that has grown out of Freud’s work.

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APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

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This chapter encompasses a literature survey and strategic analysis to understand the elaboration and implementation of Participatory Forest Management (PFM) in Benin, with a focus on the case of the “Forêt des Trois Rivières”. By analyzing the historical background of forest management systems in Benin, we highlighted two major turning points. The first relates to the creation and autocratic management of protected forests, which took place from 1940 to 1990. The second change took place after the Rio conference in 1992, and this emphasized the importance of local communities in natural resources management. Moreover, the results of our strategic analysis of stakeholders involved in the specific case of Participatory Forest Management Plan (PFMP) of the “Forêt des Trois Rivières” showed that it is important to emphasize on active community participation while designing a participatory management plan and for decision making at the implementation stage. We also observed that alliances between foresters and timber loggers are likely to hinder the achievement of the PFM objectives.

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This chapter addresses writings that range across Walter Benjamin’s œuvre to trace his engagements with gesturality beyond a directly Brechtian framework. In his 1934 essay “Franz Kafka. On the Tenth Anniversary of His Death,” Benjamin argues that Kafka’s protagonists busy themselves with performing a lost or forgotten gestural script, so that their expressive corporeality remains unreadable. Gestural codes are deprived in the writings of Kafka of a commonly shared system of reference. But Kafka’s new, and, with Rilke, proliferating gestures, based as they are on an unexplainable yet unerring necessity, also exude an immanent grace: an inner logic that suggests a forward-looking directedness toward the as yet unknown. The chapter argues that this places them in the vicinity of the grace that Rivière finds in Nijinsky.

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The second chapter deals with two individual sports. Boxing and tennis might appear strange bedfellows, but as well as being primarily individual sports, they are also united by their transatlantic nature. The flamboyant figures of boxer Jack Johnson and tennis player Suzanne Lenglen were famous on both sides of the Atlantic. Johnson lived it up in nightclubs in both Paris and London, Lenglen played host to American film stars on the French Riviera. Boxing’s Americanism is traced in the writings and life of Cravan that culminated in the fight against Johnson in Barcelona, which is then refracted through the fascination of American journal The Soil for both boxing and Cravan. Tennis was particularly associated with modernist architecture, with players featuring in books written by Le Corbusier, Adolf Behne and Sigfried Giedion. It was also a rare example of a sport where the women’s game attracted as much, if not more, attention than that of the men. This, I contend, caused problems for Le Corbusier, who preferred to concentrate on the geometrical court and the anonymous male players that he includes in his Urbanisme, rather than the glamour and fashion of Lenglen, a woman dressed by the couturier Jean Patou and who served as an inspiration for a Jean Cocteau piece for the Ballets Russes.

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Abstract The Venice is often associated with an image of rich commercial ventures eastwards and trade in the Mediterranean. However, it is worthy of note that for centuries Venice made huge investments westwards to modify the local hydrography and build a sophisticated network of inland waterways. The origin of this system can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when extensive hydraulic works were carried out to modify local watercourses and create artificial canals for commercial and strategic purposes. From the 16th century, improvements in agricultural production and a blooming river trade became possible thanks to functional hydraulic artefacts aimed at managing and controlling all water levels. This system of navigable waterways was carefully managed until the fall of Venice (1797), but subsequently, when railways and road transport came to dominate over inland navigation, it was abandoned. Today Venice's waterways and related waterscapes offer a unique setting to attract tourists. However, with the single exception of the Riviera del Brenta (that is renowned worldwide for its Palladian architecture), this heritage often lies in a worrying state of abandonment. After introducing the geo-historical context where careful management aimed at controlling all water flows was developed over the centuries, this chapter focuses on recent cultural dynamics of managing this inherited water asset. Considering the present state of neglected waterways there are also interesting opportunities for their revitalization. The use of digital tools combined with new eco-tourism strategies indeed can stimulate new models of water governance also for the advantage of local communities. Today ground-breaking visions and new management approaches are needed to transmit to future generations this water heritage. In discussing the research strategy aimed at creating the ‘digital and extended’ Water Museum of Venice, this chapter will show how this model was useful to build a worldwide network of water museums.

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The Nine Forms of the French Riviera: Classifying Urban Fabrics from the Pedestrian Perspective. Giovanni Fusco, Alessandro Araldi ¹Université Côte-Azur, CNRS, ESPACE - Bd. Eduard Herriot 98. 06200 Nice E-mail: giovanni.fusco@unice.fr, alessandro.araldi@unice.fr Keywords: French Riviera, Urban Fabrics, Urban Form Recognition, Geoprocessing Conference topics and scale: Tools of analysis in urban morphology Recent metropolitan growth produces new kinds of urban fabric, revealing different logics in the organization of urban space, but coexisting with more traditional urban fabrics in central cities and older suburbs. Having an overall view of the spatial patterns of urban fabrics in a vast metropolitan area is paramount for understanding the emerging spatial organization of the contemporary metropolis. The French Riviera is a polycentric metropolitan area of more than 1200 km2 structured around the old coastal cities of Nice, Cannes, Antibes and Monaco. XIX century and early XX century urban growth is now complemented by modern developments and more recent suburban areas. A large-scale analysis of urban fabrics can only be carried out through a new geoprocessing protocol, combining indicators of spatial relations within urban fabrics, geo-statistical analysis and Bayesian data-mining. Applied to the French Riviera, nine families of urban fabrics are identified and correlated to the historical periods of their production. Central cities are thus characterized by the combination of different families of pre-modern, dense, continuous built-up fabrics, as well as by modern discontinuous forms. More interestingly, fringe-belts in Nice and Cannes, as well as the techno-park of Sophia-Antipolis, combine a spinal cord of connective artificial fabrics having sparse specialized buildings, with the already mentioned discontinuous fabrics of modern urbanism. Further forms are identified in the suburban and “rurban” spaces around central cities. The proposed geoprocessing procedure is not intended to supersede traditional expert-base analysis of urban fabric. Rather, it should be considered as a complementary tool for large urban space analysis and as an input for studying urban form relation to socioeconomic phenomena. References Conzen, M.R.G (1960) Alnwick, Northumberland : A Study in Town-Planning Analysis. (London, George Philip). Conzen, M.P. (2009) “How cities internalize their former urban fringe. A cross-cultural comparison”. Urban Morphology, 13, 29-54. Graff, P. (2014) Une ville d’exception. Nice, dans l'effervescence du 20° siècle. (Serre, Nice). Yamada I., Thill J.C. (2010) “Local indicators of network-constrained clusters in spatial patterns represented by a link attribute.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(2), 269-285. Levy, A. (1999) “Urban morphology and the problem of modern urban fabric : some questions for research”, Urban Morphology, 3(2), 79-85. Okabe, A. Sugihara, K. (2012) Spatial Analysis along Networks: Statistical and Computational Methods. (John Wiley and sons, UK).

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Developing and maintaining a consistent brand statement is an important aspect of developing a successful product. However, maintaining that statement is difficult due in part to the inconsistent and often insufficient understanding of brand by marketing, engineering, and design. This paper presents shape grammars as a method for encoding the key elements of a brand into a repeatable language, which can be used to generate products consistent with the brand. A detailed investigation into the history of Buick styling reveals the brand characteristics of the front view of Buick vehicles, which are then captured in a shape grammar.

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Pressure drop and gas void fraction are important parameters for the design of multiphase packed bed reactors which are widely used in petrochemical industry. Several experimental studies have been devoted to the hydrodynamics of two-phase cocurrent upflow or downflow through fixed beds, and various correlations of limited range of validity are available in the literature. However, there is not yet a clear agreement on the form of the momentum equations to be used in such systems. Early attempts devoted to the pressure drop estimate were based on an extension of the Lockhart-Martinelli approach (Sweeney 1967), Rao et al. 1983). More recently, Attou at al. (1999) proposed the first serious attempt to adapt the Eulerian two-fluid model to cocurrent bubbly flows through packed beds. From an analysis of their proposal, it happens that the basic mechanical equilibrium for the gas phase needs to be reconsidered. In this scope, we derived a new model on the basis of the so-called hybrid approach initially developed for bubbly flows in ducts in absence of shear-induced turbulence (Achard and Cartellier 2000). As a first application, we considered a mean unidirectional flow of a bubbly mixture through a porous medium composed of beads uniform in size. For steady and fully established flows, and assuming a flat void fraction (α) profile, the resulting momentum equations for each phase write: Liquidphase:−dpdz=ρLg+fLS−fLG1−α(1)Gasphase:−dpdz=ρGg+fLS+fLGα(2) where fLS is the resultant of the liquid shear stress exerted on beads surface and on exterior walls, and where the quantity fLG = α F* / Vp represents the interaction force density between the gas and the liquid (F* is the mean force on bubbles and Vp = 4πa3/3 denotes the bubble volume, a being the bubble radius). The main difference with the model derived by Attou et al. is the presence of the fLS term in the gas phase equation. Without this term, the relative velocity of bubbles would be controlled by the axial pressure gradient dP/dz even in non accelerating flows which is unphysical. On the opposite, in the present model (1–2) the relative movement of bubbles is simply due to buoyancy. The set of equations (1–2) provides a mean to exploit the experimental data to derive the required closures, namely the evolution of the friction fLS with the gas content and that of the momentum exchange between phases fLG. Notably, from (1) and (2), one gets fLG=α(1−α)(ρL−ρG)g(3) In order to establish reliable closures, available experimental data of the literature are currently revisited under this framework. For the friction term, which is the principal contribution to the pressure drop, the usual closure law for fLS as given by an Ergun equation adapted to two-phase flows is under analysis. For the interfacial momentum transfer, the objective is to evaluate an “apparent” drag coefficient defined as Cd = F*/[ρL Ur2 π a2 / 2] where the mean relative velocity Ur is defined as the difference between the mean gas and liquid velocities averaged over a volume. Indeed, paralleling an approach already exploited for bubbly flows in ducts (Riviere and Cartellier 1999), it happens that the mean void fraction can be derived from equations (1) and (2) assuming a flat void fraction profile: β(1−β)−α(1−α)=(4π/3)α(1−α)[gδ2VSLνc](aδ)2fd(4) where δ is the typical size of the pores and where fd = (π/2) Rep Cd is expected to be a function of the bubble size, the porosity ε and the void fraction. To extract fd or Cd from (4), a characteristic bubble size must be specified. As shown Fig.1, the bubble size is controlled by the bed geometry and evolves between 0.2 δ and 3 δ in the dilute limit (Bordas et al. (2001)). Analysis of the existing data will be presented based on these size estimates, and comparison will be performed of this “apparent” drag with values measured for isolated bubbles in fixed beds (Fig.2).